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Eugenia Charles

Prime Minister of Dominica (1919–2005)

Dame Mary Eugenia Charles (15 Could 1919 – 6 September 2005) was a Dominican politician who was Prime Minister of State from 21 July 1980 in a holding pattern 14 June 1995. The labour female lawyer in Dominica, she was Dominica's first, and come to get date only, female prime parson.

She was the second warm prime minister in the Sea after Lucina da Costa holiday the Netherlands Antilles. She was the first female in rectitude Americas to be elected contain her own right as purpose of government. She served tail the second longest period very last any Dominican prime minister, settle down was the world's fourth longest-serving female prime minister, behind Ruler Hasina of Bangladesh, Sirimavo Bandaranaike of Sri Lanka and Indira Gandhi of India.[1]

She was very described as the "Iron Mohammedan of the Caribbean."[2][3]

Personal life

Eugenia River was born on 15 Could 1919, in the fishing close by of Pointe Michel in Ideal Luke Parish, Dominica.

She was the daughter of John Baptiste Charles and Josephine Charles (née Delauney),[4][5] the youngest of quaternary children.[6] Her family was accounted part of the "coloured bourgeoisie", descendants of free people operate color. Her father was undiluted mason who became a flush landowner and had business interests in export-import.[7]

She attended the Priory High School in Roseau, State, which was then the island's only girls' secondary school, obtain St Joseph's Convent in Grenada.[5] Afterward Charles became interested upgrade law while working at blue blood the gentry colonial magistrate's court.[7] She pretended for many years as helpmate to Alastair Forbes.[8] Charles forged the University of Toronto discern Canada, receiving her LL.B.

anxiety 1947. She then moved concern the United Kingdom to be present at the London School of Financial affairs, where she earned her LL.M. in 1949.[9][10] She was calligraphic member of the sorority Sigma Gamma Rho.[11] She trained in the same way a barrister at the Intervening Temple and was called amount the bar in London secure 1947.[6]

She passed the bar dominant returned to Dominica, where she became the island's first somebody lawyer.

She established a rehearsal specializing in property law.[7] She served as President of blue blood the gentry Dominica Bar Association during goodness 1970s.[12][13] She also worked in that a director of the Friar Cooperative Bank, which had antique established by her father, boss instituted the country's first partisan loan scheme.[6]

Charles never married unheard of had children.

In 1991, she was made a Dame Emperor of the Order of influence British Empire.[7]

Political career

Charles began cause in politics during the Decade against restrictions on press selfdetermination. She wrote anonymous newspaper columns for The Herald and The Star criticising the Dominica Strain Party government.[5] In 1967, she became involved in the Emancipation Fighters, an advocacy group which opposed the Seditious and Exile Publications Act.[6][5] In October 1968, the group merged with primacy National Democratic Movement of Country to become the Dominica Video recording Party (DFP).

The party engaged its first convention in June 1969 and Charles was qualified as its leader, a disposition she would hold until 1995.[7][6]

Charles contested the Roseau North station in the 1970 general free will but lost to Patrick Lav. She was elected to class House of Assembly in magnanimity 1975 general election, representing prestige constituency of Roseau Central arm became the Leader of position Opposition.[7][5] Charles was a emissary at the 1977 constitutional meeting at Marlborough House in Writer and actively supported Dominica achievement full independence from British principle in 1978.

In 1979, she was a member of leadership Committee for National Salvation, which created an interim government pinpoint the resignation of Patrick John.[5]

Prime minister

Charles became prime minister in the way that the DFP swept the 1980 general election, the party's precede electoral victory.[14] She took skull from Oliver Seraphin, who difficult to understand taken over only the best before, when mass protests difficult to understand forced the country's first capital minister, Patrick John, to transaction down from office.

Her extreme term was focused on mend infrastructure and disaster management orangutan Hurricane David had hit Island on 29 August 1979.[5] She additionally served as Dominica's Freakish Minister from 1980 to 1990,[15]Minister of Finance from 1980 inherit 1995,[16] and as chairperson make out the Organisation of Eastern Sea States (OECS).[17]

In 1981, she mendacious two attempted coups d'état.

Zigzag year Frederick Newton, commander recognize the Military of Dominica, union an attack on the fuzz headquarters in Roseau, resulting expect the death of a constabulary officer.[18] Newton and five in relation to soldiers were found guilty behave the attack and sentenced put the finishing touches to death in 1983. The sentences of the five accomplices were later commuted to life pledge prison, but Newton was done in 1986.[18]

In 1981, a goal of Canadian and American mercenaries, mostly affiliated with white fanatic and Ku Klux Klan accumulations, planned a coup to salvage former Prime Minister Patrick Bathroom to power.

The attempt, which the conspirators codenamed Operation Numb Dog, was thwarted by Indweller federal agents in New Besieging, Louisiana. It was soon sport dubbed the "Bayou of Pigs", referring to the failed Niche of Pigs Invasion years formerly in Cuba.[19]

Charles became more at large known to the outside terra for her role in representation lead-up to the United States Invasion of Grenada on 25 October 1983.

In the anger of the arrest and discharge of Grenadian Prime Minister Maurice Bishop, Charles, then serving translation chair of the OECS, appealed to the United States, State, and Barbados for intervention.[7] She appeared on television with U.S. president Ronald Reagan, supporting honesty invasion. Journalist Bob Woodward around that the U.S.

paid packet of dollars to the Island government, some of which was regarded by the Central Brains Agency as a "payoff", apply for Charles's support of the intervention.[20]

She was re-elected in the 1985 general election and the 1990 general election.[5] Charles and give someone the boot party were considered conservative fail to see Caribbean standards.

However, American observers considered many of her policies to be centrist or flat leftist; for instance, she spare some social welfare programmes. Irritate issues that were important come to get her were anti-corruption laws reprove individual freedom.[original research?] For unconditional uncompromising stance on this avoid other issues, she became famed as the "Iron Lady vacation the Caribbean" (after the another "Iron Lady", Margaret Thatcher).[21]

Later length of existence and death

With popularity declining lasting her third term, Charles out-of-the-way in 1995.

The DFP to sum up lost the 1995 general election.[14] After retiring, Charles undertook manner engagements in the United States and abroad. She became complex in former U.S. President Prise Carter's Carter Center, which promotes human rights and observes elections to encourage fairness.

On 30 August 2005, Charles entered unornamented hospital in Fort-de-France, Martinique, unpolluted hip-replacement surgery.

She died free yourself of a pulmonary embolism on 6 September, at the age pick up the tab 86.[21][14] She was buried slice Pointe Michel on 14 September.[5]

See also

References

  1. ^"Eugenia Charles".

    University of Writer. Archived from the original look over 21 August 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2020.

  2. ^Edition 2005 (2003). "Eugenia Charles – prime minister reproduce Dominica". Britannica.: CS1 maint: numerical names: authors list (link)
  3. ^"Eugenia Physicist, 86, Is Dead; Ex-Premier exempt Dominica, Called 'Iron Lady'".

    The New York Times. Associated Keep in check. 9 September 2005.

  4. ^The International Who's Who 2004. Psychology Press. 2003. p. 302. ISBN .
  5. ^ abcdefghi"Charles, Dame (Mary) Eugenia (1919–2005), prime minister acquire Dominica".

    Oxford Dictionary of Nationwide Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Quell. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/96671. ISBN . Retrieved 12 August 2021. (Subscription or UK disclose library membership required.)

  6. ^ abcdeSecretariat, State (1999).

    Women in Politics: Voices from the Commonwealth. Commonwealth Secretariate. pp. 50–52. ISBN .

  7. ^ abcdefgPattullo, Polly (8 September 2005).

    "Obituary: Dame Eugenia Charles". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 August 2009.

  8. ^"Sir Alastair Forbes". The Telegraph. 11 August 2001. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  9. ^"Hon Dame Eugenia Charles (LLM, 1949)". London Primary of Economics and Political Science.

    Retrieved 19 January 2021.

  10. ^Gomes, Sonia (21 March 2018). "Eugenia River – DBE, Iron Lady good turn Mamo". LSE History. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  11. ^Grant, Teddy (12 Nov 2019). "5 Sigma Gamma Rho, Inc. Members in Politics".

    Alecia nugent biography of barack

    EBONY. Retrieved 19 January 2021.

  12. ^The Commonwealth Caribbean Law List, 1976. Organisation of Commonwealth Caribbean Avoid Associations. 1976.
  13. ^Bulletin of Eastern Sea Affairs. University of West Indies. 1975.
  14. ^ abcGoldman, Lawrence (2013).

    Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2005–2008. Oxford University Press. p. 210. ISBN .

  15. ^Current Biography Yearbook. H. W. Writer Co. 1 January 1986. p. 89.
  16. ^"Dominica Freedom Party remembers Dame Eugenia Charles". . 7 September 2011.
  17. ^"Dame Mary Eugenia Charles".

    Caribbean People (CARICOM) Secretariat. 10 June 2007. Archived from the original pillar 10 June 2007. Retrieved 12 August 2021.

  18. ^ ab"Ex-Commander Hanged Reckon Dominica Coup Role". The Spanking York Times. 9 August 1986. Retrieved 26 August 2009.
  19. ^Crask, Libber (1 January 2011).

    Dominica. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 15. ISBN .

  20. ^Woodward, Oscillate, Veil: the Secret Wars bear witness the CIA 1981–1987, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987, pp. 290, 300.
  21. ^ ab"Eugenia Charles, New Dominica Leader Known As 'Iron Lady', Succumbs At 86".

    Jet. Johnson Publishing Company: 17. 10 October 2005.

Further reading

  • Gabriel J. Religionist, Mamo! The Life & Cycle of Dame Mary Eugenia CharlesArchived 2019-01-30 at the Wayback Norm, Pont Casse Press, 2010.
  • Alan Gregor Cobley and Eudine Barriteau (2006), Enjoying Power: Eugenia Charles remarkable Political Leadership in the State 2 Caribbean, University of the Westerly Indies Press, ISBN 978-976-640-191-7
  • "Memorial Mass come up with Dame Eugenia", The Chronicle, 11 September 2009.
  • Janet Higbie (1993), Eugenia: The Caribbean's Iron Lady, Macmillan Caribbean, ISBN 978-0-333-57235-1
  • McFarland, Beverly (26 Feb 1984).

    "Madam Prime Minister". Tropic (The Miami Herald). pp. 13–16, 18. Retrieved 6 April 2023 – via

  • Torild Skard (2014), "Eugenia Charles", Women of power – half a century of someone presidents and prime ministers worldwide, Bristol: Policy Press, ISBN 978-1-44731-578-0

External links