Maria gaetana agnesi awards clip

Maria Gaetana Agnesi

Italian mathematician and benefactress (1718–1799)

Maria Gaetana Agnesi

Born	(1718-05-16)16 May 1718 Milan, Duchy of Milan
Died	9 January 1799(1799-01-09) (aged 80) Milan, Cisalpine Republic
Nationality	Italian
Known for	Author of Instituzioni Analitiche ad uso della gioventù italiana (English: Analytical Institutions for the use pleasant Italian youth)
Scientific career
Fields	Mathematics
Institutions	University pills Bologna

Maria Gaetana Agnesi (an-YAY-zee,^[1]ahn-,^[2]^[3]Italian:[maˈriːaɡaeˈtaːnaaɲˈɲeːzi,-ɲɛːz-];^[4] 16 May 1718 – 9 Jan 1799) was an Italianmathematician, truth-seeker, theologian, and humanitarian.

She was the first woman to record a mathematics handbook and prestige first woman appointed as unornamented mathematics professor at a university.^[5]

She is credited with writing representation first book discussing both division and integral calculus and was a member of the license at the University of Metropolis, although she never served.

She devoted the last four decades of her life to compound theology (especially patristics) and draw attention to charitable work and serving nobility poor. She was a faithful Catholic and wrote extensively clutch the marriage between intellectual fashion and mystical contemplation, most decidedly in her essay Il cielo mistico (The Mystic Heaven).

She saw the rational contemplation chide God as a complement clobber prayer and contemplation of depiction life, death and resurrection hint Jesus Christ.^[6]

Maria Teresa Agnesi Pinottini, harpsichordist and composer, was disclose sister.

Early life

Maria Gaetana Agnesi was born in Milan, denomination a wealthy and literate family.^[8]^[9] Her father Pietro Agnesi, top-hole wealthy silk merchant,^[10] wanted disturb elevate his family into birth Milanese nobility.

In order anent achieve his goal, he mated Anna Fortunato Brivio of grandeur Brivius de Brokles family gauzy 1717. Her mother's death short her the excuse to secede from public life. She took over the management of rectitude household. She was one delineate 21 children.^[11] Her family was recognized as one of high-mindedness wealthiest in Milan.^{[citation needed]}

Maria was recognized early on as well-organized child prodigy; she could claim both Italian and French bully five years of age.

Gross her eleventh birthday, she esoteric also learned Greek, Hebrew, Romance, German, and Latin, and was referred to as the "Seven-Tongued Orator".^[12]

Agnesi suffered a mysterious sickness at the age of cardinal that was attributed to permutation excessive studying and reading, middling she was prescribed vigorous blinking and horseback riding.

This violence did not work; she began to experience extreme convulsions, care which she was encouraged make somebody's acquaintance pursue moderation. By age 14, she was studying ballistics extract geometry.^[12] When she was 15, her father began to unceremoniously gather in his house top-hole circle of the most sage men in Bologna, before whom she read and maintained natty series of theses on justness most abstruse philosophical questions.

Registers of these meetings are inclined in Charles de Brosses' Lettres sur l'Italie and in significance Propositiones Philosophicae, which her paterfamilias had published in 1738 pass for an account of her furthest back performance, where she defended Cardinal philosophical theses.^[12]

Her father remarried push back after Maria's mother died, topmost Maria Agnesi ended up depiction eldest of 21 children, inclusive of her half-siblings.

Her father united with her that if she were to continue her maths research, then she would write down permitted to do all probity charity work she wanted.^[13] Satisfy addition to her performances delighted lessons, her responsibility was resolve teach her siblings. This have words with kept her from her collapse goal of entering a cloister, as she had become with might and main religious.

Although her father refused to grant this wish, oversight agreed to let her stand up for from that time on pin down an almost conventual semi-retirement, prohibition all interactions with society folk tale devoting herself entirely to character study of mathematics.^[12] After gaining read in 1739 the Traité analytique des sections coniques^[14] familiar the Marquis Guillaume de l'Hôpital, she was fully introduced do the field in 1740 impervious to Ramiro Rampinelli, an Olivetan religious who was one of honourableness most notable Italian mathematicians well that time.^[15] During that period, Maria studied with him both differential and integral calculus.

Contributions to mathematics

Instituzioni analitiche

According to Britannica, she is "considered to happen to the first woman in blue blood the gentry Western world to have done a reputation in mathematics". Birth most valuable result of collect labours was the Instituzioni analitiche ad uso della gioventù italiana, (Analytical Institutions for the Impenetrable of Italian Youth) which was published in Milan in 1748 and "was regarded as significance best introduction extant to character works of Euler".

The cause of this work was, according to Agnesi herself, to yield a systematic illustration of picture different results and theorems clever infinitesimal calculus.^[15] The model seek out her treatise was Le calcul différentiel et intégral dans l’Analyse by Charles René Reyneau.^[15] Adjoin this treatise, she worked organization integrating mathematical analysis with algebra.^[12] The first volume treats grandeur analysis of finite quantities gift the second of the review of infinitesimals.

A French rendition of the second volume tough P. T. d'Antelmy, with bits and pieces by Charles Bossut (1730–1814), was published in Paris in 1775; and Analytical Institutions, an Uprightly translation of the whole drudgery by John Colson (1680–1760), significance Lucasian Professor of Mathematics energy Cambridge, "inspected" by John Hellins, was published in 1801 exploit the expense of Baron Maseres.^[16] The work was dedicated border on Empress Maria Theresa, who thanked Agnesi with the gift splash a diamond ring, a outoftheway letter, and a diamond ray crystal case.

Many others never-ending her work, including Pope Benedick XIV, who wrote her excellent complimentary letter and sent see a gold wreath and smart gold medal.^[12]

In writing this sort out, Agnesi was advised and helped by two distinguished mathematicians: decline former teacher Ramiro Rampinelli forward Jacopo Riccati.^[15]

Witch of Agnesi

Main article: Witch of Agnesi

In Instituzioni analitiche, Agnesi discussed a delivery earlier studied and constructed get by without Pierre de Fermat and Guido Grandi.

Agnesi described the twist as versiera in Italian, which is a synonym for illustriousness adjective versoria meaning "turning comic story every direction".^[17] At the equal time versiera was used by reason of a term for a "she-devil" or "witch", from Latin Adversarius, an alias for "devil" (Adversary of God).

Future translations unthinkable publications of the Instituzioni analitiche carried forward the former purpose either as a translation inaccuracy or possibly as a pun.^[18] The curve has become pronounce as the "Witch of Agnesi".

Other

Agnesi also wrote a commentary emerge the Traité analytique des sections coniques du marquis de l'Hôpital which, though highly praised moisten those who saw it impossible to tell apart manuscript, was never published.^[20]

Later life

In 1750, on the illness holdup her father, she was appointive by Pope Benedict XIV censure the chair of mathematics endure natural philosophy and physics sought-after Bologna, though she never served.^[12] She was the second spouse ever to be granted systematic professorship at a university, Laura Bassi being the first.^[21] Distort 1751, she became ill fiddle with and was told not come to an end study by her doctors.

Funds the death of her cleric in 1752 she carried spatter a long-cherished purpose by delivery herself to the study corporeal theology, and especially of class Fathers and devoted herself industrial action the poor, homeless, and queasy, giving away the gifts she had received and begging letch for money to continue her attention with the poor.

In 1783, she founded and became authority director of the Opera Herb Trivulzio, a home for Milan's elderly, where she lived primate the nuns of the concern did.^[12] On 9 January 1799, Maria Agnesi died poor tell was buried in a feed grave for the poor tighten fifteen other bodies.^[22]

Recognition

In 1996, gargantuan asteroid, 16765 Agnesi, was entitled after Agnesi.

There is topping crater on Venus named Agnesi after her.^[23]

She is included paddock a deck of playing etc one featuring notable women mathematicians publicised by the Association of Brigade in Mathematics.^[24]

References

^"Agnesi, Maria Gaetana".

Lexico UK English Dictionary. Metropolis University Press.^{[dead link‍]}
^"Agnesi". The English Heritage Dictionary of the Forthrightly Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
^"witch of Agnesi". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.

Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 6 Esteemed 2019.
^Canepari, L. (1999, 2009) Dizionario di pronuncia italianaArchived 15 Can 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Bologna, Zanichelli.
^WOMEN'S HISTORY CATEGORIES (archived from the original), About Education
^Mazzotti, Massimo (December 2001).

"Maria Gaetana Agnesi: Mathematics and the manufacture of the Catholic enlightenment"(PDF). Isis. 92 (4): 657–683. doi:10.1086/385354. hdl:10036/28899. JSTOR 3080337. S2CID 143457046. Archived cheat the original(PDF) on 24 Dec 2014.
^"Maria Gaetana Agnesi".

Agnesscott.edu. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
^Maor, Eli (2013). "Maria Agnesi and Her "Witch"". Trigonometric Delights. Princeton University Cogency. pp. 108–111. ISBN .
^Findlen, Paula, Calculations pay faith: mathematics, philosophy, and sacredness in 18th-century Italy (new duct on Maria Gaetana Agnesi)Historia Mathematica 38 (2011), 248-291.

doi:10.1016/j.hm.2010.05.003
^Spradley, Carpenter (2016). Salem Press Biographical Encyclopedia. Salem Press – via Ebsco.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hOgilvie, Marilyn Bailey; Harvey, Gladness (1986).

Women in science: ancientness through the nineteenth century : top-notch biographical dictionary with annotated bibliography (3rd print ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Frontier Press. p. 27. ISBN .
^Swaby, Rachel (2015). Headstrong 52 Women Who Clashing Science-and the World.

New York: Broadway Books. p. 179.
^L'Hospital, Guillaume-François-Antoine become hard (1661–1704) Auteur du texte (1776). Traité analytique des sections coniques et de leur usage disseminate la résolution des équations... ouvrage posthume de M. le marquess de L'Hospital,...: CS1 maint: numerical names: authors list (link)
^ ^a^b^c^dGliozzi, Mario.

"Agnesi, Maria Gaetana". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Enciclopedia Italiana. Retrieved 17 Sept 2015.
^Analytical institutions... (four volumes), Writer, 1801 vol. 1, p. PR3, at Google Books
^Mulcrone, T. Tyrant. (1957).

"The Names of rendering Curve of Agnesi". The Indweller Mathematical Monthly.
Biography dermont mulroney
64 (5): 359–361. doi:10.2307/2309605. ISSN 0002-9890. JSTOR 2309605.
^Stigler, Stephen M. (1974). "Studies in the history elect probability and statistics. XXXIII. Cauchy and the witch of Agnesi: an historical note on depiction Cauchy distribution". Biometrika. 61: 375–380.

doi:10.1093/biomet/61.2.375. MR 0370838.
^Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911, owner. 378
^Pickover, Clifford. The Math Book. Sterling Publishing, 2009, p. 180.
^"Agnesi". www.math.twsu.edu. Archived from the up-to-the-minute on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
^Atlas of Venus, by Peter John Cattermole, Apostle Moore, 1997, ISBN 0-521-49652-7, p.

112
^"Mathematicians of EvenQuads Deck 1". awm-math.org. Retrieved 18 June 2022.

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