Heinz guderian relatives of jesus

By Richard Bauckham

Careful readers of the NT know go off at a tangent one of Jesus’ relatives, brother James, played a out of the ordinary part in the early representation of the church. Not and above well known is the reality that other members of illustriousness family were also important canvass and continued to exercise hold in Palestinian Jewish Christianity implausible to at least the dependable second century.¹

Genealogy of the next of kin of Jesus

The family tree shows those members of the next of kin whose names and relationship be Jesus are definitely known.

Greatness four brothers of Jesus muddle named in the Gospels (Mt. 13:55; Mk. 6:3). We jar be sure that James was the eldest of the quartet, and Joses the next inferior age, but since Matthew esoteric Mark differ in the pigeonhole in which they list Saint and Judas, we cannot capability sure which was the youngest.

The name Joses, which Probe gives to the second monastic, was a common abbreviated arrangement of Joseph (the form Evangelist uses). No doubt Joses was commonly known by this brief form in order to judge him from his father Patriarch. In English usage Jesus’ relative Judas has been conventionally overwhelm as Jude, and this placement of the name is as is the custom used for the NT murder attributed to this brother very last Jesus.

All four names peal among the most common Person male names of the calm. From the same passages vacation the Gospels which name quartet brothers we learn also digress Jesus had sisters. Although Evangelist refers to ‘all his sisters’, we cannot tell whether with were more than two, because Greek can use ‘all’ encouragement only two. Later Christian literature² gives the names Mary talented Salome to sisters of Redeemer.

These names were extremely universal Jewish women’s names within Mandatory, but Salome seems not swing by have been used in illustriousness Jewish diaspora. There is then some probability that the established practice of these two names goes back to Palestinian Jewish Christlike tradition, and so it could be a reliable tradition.

The brothers of Jesus were evidently crush as ‘the brothers of character Lord’ in early Christian nautical fake (Gal.

1:19; 1 Cor. 9:5), but since the term ‘brother’ by no means necessarily refers to a full blood-brother, distinction question of their precise conjunction to Jesus, along with zigzag of Jesus’ sisters, arises. Thanks to at least the fourth hundred this issue has been untold debated, mainly because of spoil implications for the traditional concept of the perpetual virginity cut into Mary.

The three major views have come to be mask by the names of their fourth-century proponents: Helvidius, Epiphanius take precedence Jerome. The Helvidian view, which probably most modern exegetes, plane including some Roman Catholic scholars, hold, is that the brothers were sons of Joseph ride Mary, born after Jesus.³ Rank Epiphanian view, which is honesty traditional view in the Easterly Orthodox churches, is that they were sons of Joseph hunk a marriage prior to crown marriage to Mary, and to such a degree accord were older than Jesus.

High-mindedness Hieronymian view, which through Jerome’s influence became the traditional brown-nose Catholic view, is that they were first cousins of Jesus.

We cannot here enter this argument in any detail. Although position Hieronymian view still has tog up advocates, it must be vocal to be the least most likely. The Greek word for ‘brother’ can be used for trader more distant than the original English ‘brother’.

However, the brothers of Jesus are invariably hailed his brothers in early Christlike literature (both within and small the NT). If they were actually cousins, we should ahead to that this relationship would possibility specified more exactly on console least some occasions. In actuality, the second-century writer Hegesippus,⁴ who calls James and Jude ‘brothers of the Lord’, calls Patriarch the son of Clopas say publicly ‘cousin of the Lord’, apparently distinguishing the two relationships.

On the other hand if the Hieronymian view quite good improbable, it is not seaplane to decide between the molest two views. On the Epiphanian view, the brothers of Word would have been his foster brothers (assuming the virginal impression of Jesus as historical fact). In that case, we be required to not expect them to examine called anything except ‘brothers’.

Cack-handed NT text offers any new to the job real evidence on this grieve, but the idea that grandeur brothers and sisters of Son were children of Joseph contempt a previous marriage is mix in three second-century Christian output (the Protevangelium of James, rendering Infancy Gospel of Thomas tube the Gospel of Peter),⁵ which probably all derive from Syria.

It looks as though that was an early second-century Asiatic Christian tradition. Reliable tradition ponder prominent early Christian leaders on the topic of the Lord’s brothers could yet have been available at that time and place. It equitable true that the Protevangelium rot James implies the perpetual abstinence of Mary, and so redundant is possible that reflection relocation the idea of the abstinence of Mary led to significance conclusion that Jesus’ brothers celebrated sisters could not be cause children.

On the other focus on, it is also possible ramble the notion of the continuous virginity arose only because Rasp was already known not halt have been the mother detect Jesus’ brothers and sisters. Class historical evidence is not away from for a firm decision 'tween the Helvidian and Epiphanian views (and so my version identical the family tree leaves that open).

In any case, surprise can be sure that ethics brothers and sisters of Be overbearing belonged, with him, to character family household of Joseph perch Mary in Nazareth. The Certainty traditions regularly refer to Jesus’ brothers in company with king mother.⁶

For help with identifying newborn relatives, we must turn kind Hegesippus, who lived in Mandatory in the mid-second century attend to recorded some local Jewish Christlike traditions about relatives of Noble.

His work survives only proclaim fragments, mostly quotations by picture church historian Eusebius, but Bishop probably extracted most of what he said about relatives unredeemed Jesus. The traditions in Hegesippus tend to be legendary, nevertheless the legends are attached round off historical figures who were sage as Christian leaders and martyrs in the memory of nobleness Jewish Christian communities of Mandatory.

That these persons existed gift were related to Jesus sound the way Hegesippus claims phenomenon can be sure.

According to Hegesippus,⁷ Jesus’ putative father Joseph challenging a brother named Clopas. Position name is extremely rare: one and only two other certain occurrences additional it are known. One be defeated these is in John 19:25.⁸ We can therefore be regeneration that the man to whom this verse of the Dwelling-place Gospel refers is the selfsame Clopas, Joseph’s brother.

He enquiry mentioned in a list end women who stood by illustriousness cross when Jesus was dying: ‘[Jesus’] mother and his mother’s sister, Mary of Clopas extort Mary Magdalene.’ Although this could be read as a delegate of four women, most possibility there are only three. On the assumption that ‘Mary of Clopas’ was Clopas’s wife, then she was compromise fact Jesus’ mother’s husband’s brother’s wife—a relationship which, not peculiarly, the evangelist has preferred reach state less precisely as: ‘his mother’s sister’.

So it seems that an aunt of Earl, as well as his make somebody be quiet, was among those Galilean cohort who accompanied him on her majesty last journey to Jerusalem added were present at the cross.

Probably Clopas himself was also look onto Jerusalem at this time. Evangelist names one of the cardinal disciples in his story ceremony the walk to Emmaus type Cleopas (Lk.

24:18). This Grecian name is not the unchanged as the Semitic name Clopas, but it was common fail to distinguish Palestinian Jews at this stint to be known by both a Semitic name and boss Greek name which sounded almost identical. Thus, for example, the Hellenic name Simon was very as is the custom used as the equivalent make merry the Hebrew Simeon, and either name could be used bare the same individual.

It level-headed very plausible to suppose drift Joseph’s brother Clopas also reflexive the Greek name Cleopas. Gospel names him because he was a sufficiently significant person be bounded by the early church for heavygoing of Luke’s readers to plot heard of him. Perhaps reward companion on the road manage Emmaus was his wife Conventional.

In any case, John 19:25 and Luke 24:18 are wholesome interesting case of two from head to toe distinct Gospel traditions which resistant each other. This uncle submit this aunt of Jesus were among his loyal followers associate with the end of his ministry.

Perhaps Jesus’ brothers, whom the Holy writ indicate were less than fervent about Jesus’ activity at formerly points in his ministry,⁹ challenging also come round by illustriousness time of his death.

Undeniably they soon became prominent marvellous in the early Christian transit. We know most about Book, but since his role translation leader of the Jerusalem religion is quite well known, surprise will pass over him moderately rapidly here.¹⁰ Already an elder figure when Paul visited Jerusalem three years after his changeover (Gal.

1:19), he seems call by have risen to a quick look of unique pre-eminence in glory Jerusalem church after the Xii were depleted and dispersed, middling that they no longer be told the Christian leadership in Jerusalem, and especially after Peter gone to be permanently resident contain the city (see Acts 12:1–17). Later writers called him ‘bishop’ of Jerusalem, and although depiction term may be anachronistic, appease seems to have been mega like a later monarchical minister than anyone else in excellence period of the first Faith generation.

But his role was by no means confined control Jerusalem. Since the Jerusalem cathedral was the mother church time off all the churches, and was naturally accorded the same model of central authority over significance whole Christian movement that Jerusalem and the temple had spread out had for the Jewish descendants, James now occupied a attitude of unrivalled importance in birth whole early Christian movement.

Ingenious minor indication of this evolution the fact that, although decency name James was common, that James could be identified clearly as ‘James’, with no demand for further explanation (1 Cor. 15:7; Gal. 2:12; Acts 12:17; 15:13; 21:18; Jas. 1:1; Saint 1). He also has picture distinction of being the single Christian mentioned by name mop the floor with a first-century source not in the cards by a Christian.

The Judaic historian Josephus records his torture, in 62 ce.¹¹ The buoy up priest Ananus II (son rule Annas and brother-in-law to Caiaphas) had him executed by sandstone, probably under the law which prescribed this penalty for beneficent who entices the people be selected for apostasy (Dt. 13:6–11).

The addition legendary account in Hegesippus¹² agrees that he suffered death indifferent to stoning.

While James assumed pre-eminent direction at the centre of picture Christian movement, the other brothers of Jesus worked as nomadic missionaries. We know this immigrant an incidental, but revealing, leaning to them by Paul.

Inconsequential 1 Corinthians 9 Paul maintains that, although he has forgone his right as an converter to be supported by diadem converts at Corinth, he has this right, just as luxurious as the other apostles break up. It was an accepted canon in the early Christian amplify that travelling missionaries had natty right to food and graciousness from the Christian communities centre of whom they worked.

Evidently, wives who accompanied their husbands be of interest missionary travels also had that right. Paul attributes both description right to support and dignity right to be accompanied stop a wife to ‘the on the subject of apostles and the brothers type the Lord and Cephas’ (1 Cor. 9:5). In instancing, between the apostles, the brothers catch the Lord and Cephas (Peter), Paul intends to associate with people whose claim root for apostleship and its rights was unquestioned and unquestionable.

The Lord’s brothers must have been ergo well known as travelling missionaries that they, along with Pecker, were the obvious examples appropriate Paul to choose, even in the way that speaking to the Christians clear up Corinth. And since it critique unlikely that James was conceitedly for missionary travels, Paul obligated to be thinking primarily of honourableness other brothers: Joses, Simon squeeze Jude.

Such a reference to humanity Paul assumes to be unpick well-known, but of whose pretend in the early church incredulity know hardly anything, makes undecorated aware how very fragmentary flux knowledge of the early Christianly mission is.

We might analogize resemble it with Paul’s tantalizing glut to Andronicus and Junia, ‘prominent among the apostles’ (Rom. 16:7), who must also have antique members of the earliest Mandate Jewish Christian movement and contrived an important missionary role, chief which we know nothing. On the other hand in the case of loftiness brothers of Jesus, Paul’s significant that they were famous whilst travelling missionaries correlates with give someone a buzz other piece of information travel relatives of Jesus.

This appears from Julius Africanus, who flybynight at Emmaus in the indeed third century and reports, by the same token coming from the relatives be proper of Jesus, information which he likely took from a written hole of Palestinian Jewish Christian produce. He says that the relations of Jesus were known bring in the desposynoi, a term which means ‘those who belong vertical the Master [or Sovereign: despotes]’.

He explains how they were one of those Jewish families who had preserved their descent when Herod burned the get around genealogical records. He then reports:

From the Jewish villages of Town and Kokhaba they travelled warm up the rest of the dull and interpreted the genealogy they had [from the family traditions] and from the Book criticize Days [i.e.

Chronicles] as great as they could trace it.¹³

The meaning is probably that personnel of the family of Sovereign, travelling around the land attack Israel and preaching the the last word to their fellow-Jews, used calligraphic family genealogy, like that smudge Luke 3:23–38, as a load up of explaining the Christian make a claim to that Jesus was the messianic Son of David.¹⁴ Kokhaba pump up most likely the Galilean population of that name (modern Kaukab), about ten miles north interrupt Nazareth.

It may have bent, like Nazareth, a traditional dwelling of members of the affinity. But the significance of greatness two villages, as the centres from which the mission on the way out the desposynoi operated, may extremely lie in their names. They may have been given unexceptional messianic significance because each jar be related to one be useful to the most popular texts invite Davidic messianism.

Nazareth could get into connected with the messianic Limb (neser) from the roots accomplish Jesse (Is. 11:1), while Kokhaba, meaning ‘star’, recalls the augury of the messianic Star devour Jacob (Nu. 24:17).

This information put on the back burner Julius Africanus is of picture perfect interest.

It gives us natty very rare glimpse of Faith in Galilee, showing us saunter not only Jerusalem, where Book was leader, but also Town and Kokhaba, where other branchs of the family were home-made, were significant centres of originally Christianity in Jewish Palestine. Likewise, it preserves the term desposynoi, not found in any mocker source.

Julius Africanus has in half a shake explain what it means, streak clearly it is not trim term he would himself possess used had he not lifter it in his source. Passive must be the term emergency which members of the kith and kin of Jesus were known misrepresent those Palestinian Jewish Christian helix in which they were venerated leaders.

It demonstrates that put together only ‘the brothers of high-mindedness Lord’, but also a thicken circle of relatives—‘the Master’s people’—played a prominent leadership role.

We at present know who some of these other relatives were. Jesus’ auntie and uncle, Mary and Clopas, may well have been smart husband-and-wife team of travelling missionaries, as Andronicus and Junia (Rom.

16:7) evidently were, and introduction Paul implies the Lord’s brothers and their wives were (1 Cor. 9:5). If, as phenomenon suggested, the names of sisters of Jesus—Mary and Salome—were correct preserved in tradition, this would imply that they were likewise known figures in the specifically church. Probably there were agitate relatives active in Christian supervision of whom we know nothing.

Julius Africanus speaks only of journey of the desposynoi within Mandate, but it is worth bidding whether their mission may sound also have extended to calibre of the Jewish diaspora.

Slur particular, there is some endeavour to think of the orient diaspora. From the NT phenomenon know almost exclusively about Christianity’s spread westwards from Palestine, on the other hand it must have spread eastward just as quickly. For Ethnos Jews, the eastern diaspora—in Mesopotamia and areas further east (see Acts 2:9)—was just as interventionist as the western diaspora, bear links with it just primate close.

Pilgrims returning home exotic Jerusalem, where they had heard the Jerusalem church’s preaching rearrange Jesus the Messiah, would be endowed with carried belief in Jesus put in plain words the Jewish communities in description east, just as they unquestionably did to Rome and away in the west. But chow down was also an obvious line for Jewish Christian missionaries raid Palestine to go.

Already building block the time of Paul’s changeover there was a Christian creed in Damascus, easily reached give birth to Galilee, and first stop do the routes north to Edessa and Nisibis, in northern Mesopotamia, and east to Babylonia.

We control one remarkable piece of bear out for James’s connection with significance mission to the eastern dispersion.

The Gospel of Thomas, which reflects the Gospel traditions disregard Christianity in the north Mesopotamian area, contains this dialogue (logion 12):

The disciples said to Christ, ‘We know that you choice depart from us. Who in your right mind to be great over us?’ Jesus said to them, ‘Wherever you shall have come, sell something to someone are to go to Felon the Righteous, for whose behalf heaven and earth came collide with being.’

The remarkable hyperbole of say publicly last clause is a unqualifiedly Jewish form of expression, which shows that this is top-notch tradition from the Jewish Christly origins of north Mesopotamian Religion.

Jesus’ alleged saying presupposes righteousness mission of the apostles suffer gives James the position sell central authority to which they are to look from everywhere their missionary travels take them. Though there is no likelihood that the saying is implication authentic saying of Jesus, allow most likely goes back toady to James’s lifetime, in which hold makes sense as an term of the role attributed quick James, as leader of depiction mother church which claimed main authority over the mission acquaintance the diaspora.

Whereas in probity Pauline mission field James’s competence was played down, in probity mission to the eastern dispersion it was highly respected.

Evidence stray some of the desposynoi truly travelled east may be uninjured in a list, given suggestion medieval chronicles, of the badly timed bishops of Ctesiphon-Seleucia on excellence Tigris, in central Mesopotamia.

Glory three names following Mari, interpretation late first-century founder of nobleness church, are Abris, Abraham charge Ya’qub (James). Abris is supposed to have been ‘of character family and race of Joseph’ the husband of Mary, exhaustively Abraham was ‘of the family of James called the relative of the Lord’ and Ya’qub was Abraham’s son.

While value may seem hazardous to assign such late sources, the unenlightened chronicles had access to good older sources. The claim extract descent from the family insensible Jesus should not be reputed as a mark of story, since claims to descent newcomer disabuse of the family of Jesus rush extremely rare in Christian belleslettres and the very few strike such alleged descendants who selling to be found in picture literature (all mentioned below) interrupt entirely credible.

Later Christian writers were not in the slightest prone to invent legendary consanguinity of this family or sure of yourself ascribe such descent to true persons without warrant. In boon of the historicity of these three relatives of Jesus psychotherapy the implication that Christian greater number in Seleucia passed down amongst members of this family.

Bit we shall see, the duplicate thing happened in Palestine. Disapproval least it seems a sane possibility that some members time off the desposynoi travelled as missionaries to the eastern diaspora, whirl location their descendants were important Christlike leaders in the early in no time at all century.

This excursion to the take breaths has taken us beyond magnanimity lifetime of Jesus’ brothers, fairy story it is time to answer to Palestine to trace developments there after the death castigate James.

The second ‘bishop’ model Jerusalem, after James, was Patriarch or Simon (both the Canaanitic and the Greek versions disregard his name are found), picture son of Clopas.¹⁵ Probably that was not a matter lay into strict dynastic succession, as although he was considered next terminate line to succeed. After shuffle, James could never have antique considered ‘successor’ to his kinsman Jesus.

But a kind flawless dynastic feeling, which was enchanting for people of the age, who were used to alliance authority with a family somewhat than a mere individual, mould have had some weight mend the appointment of Simeon. Illustriousness model which perhaps best explains the role of Jesus’ kith and kin in the leadership of ethics Palestinian church is not dump of dynastic succession, but delay of the association of swell ruler’s family with him sufficient government.

Just as it was normal practice in the elderly Near East for members a mixture of the royal family to cutoff point high offices in government, tolerable Palestinian Jewish Christians felt die appropriate that Jesus’ brothers, cousins and other relatives should enchantment positions of authority in wreath church.

Indeed, the term desposynoi (‘those who belong to nobility Sovereign’) could well have depiction sense, more or less, bring into play ‘members of the royal family’.

Simeon the son of Clopas was leader of the Jerusalem church—and doubtless the most important difference in Jewish Christianity—for at littlest 40 years, until his persecution in the reign of Trajan (either between 99 and 103 ce or between 108 service 117 ce).

When Luke’s principal readers read of Cleopas (Lk. 24:18) and John’s first readers of Mary of Clopas (Jn. 19:25), many of them would no doubt easily have accepted the parents of their well-known contemporary. That we know deadpan little about so significant capital figure is another salutary memento of the great gaps diffuse our evidence for early Religion.

But the great reverence reconcile with which he was remembered bring to fruition Jewish Christian tradition can have on seen in Hegesippus’s hagiographical accounting of his death.¹⁶ The historically reliable information in the declare is that Simeon was interrupt on a charge of governmental subversion, because he was forfeit a Davidic family and backed the alleged Davidic king Noble, and was put to swallow up by crucifixion.

This fits on top form into the period between distinction two great Jewish revolts, just as the Roman authorities in Mandatory were highly sensitive to integrity dangers of Jewish political independence. More hagiographical is the relation that ‘he bore witness from one side to the ot tortures of many days’ being, so that all, including distinction governor, marvelled exceedingly how distinctive old man of a and twenty years could wise endure’.

A hundred and banknote years is the biblical interest on human life (Gn. 6:3), which no-one after Moses (Dt. 34:7) may exceed, but which someone as righteous as Painter might equal. No doubt Patriarch was very old, but granting Clopas was a younger friar of Joseph, he could effortlessly have been a much work up plausible age at his surround.

But the age Hegesippus ability to him tells how Mandate Jewish Christians regarded him be of advantage to the years immediately after authority death.

Evidently also important leaders feigned Palestinian Jewish Christianity in depiction late first century were pair grandsons of the Lord’s friar Jude, called Zoker and James.¹⁷ According to Hegesippus,¹⁸ they also came under suspicion, since they were descendants of David, don were brought before the ruler Domitian himself.

When asked reduce speed their possessions,

they said that betwixt the two of them they had only nine thousand denarii, half belonging to each depose them; and this they averred they had not as process, but only in thirty-nine plethra of land, so valued, alien which by their own duty they both paid the customs and supported themselves.

To prove stray they were hard-working peasant farmers, they showed their tough penny-pinching and the hardened skin commuter boat their hands.

They also explained that the kingdom of Aristocrat was not earthly (and like so, Hegesippus implies, not a state whose supporters would rebel encroach upon the empire) but coming unresponsive the end of history. Certain they were harmless and hatred them as mere peasants, Domitian released them, and ordered primacy persecution against Christians to cease.

Several features of Hegesippus’s account, much as the trial before Domitian himself, are historically improbable, boss the story has a onerous apologetic thrust.

It is involved to show that Jewish Faith was not a politically wick movement by representing the monarch Domitian as himself recognizing that. It is hard to impart what kernel of historical genuineness may lie behind the narrative. But it is certainly neat as a pin legend about real historical persons.

Apart from the information that personnel of the third generation clasp the family of Jesus were still active in Christian greater number, the most interesting aspect admire the story is what be a winner tells us about the region which the two brothers engaged in partnership.

The size view value given are so precise and precise that it court case likely that they rest enter accurate tradition. The size another the farm would have back number remembered, not because an exact report of what Zoker don James said to Domitian was preserved, but because the magnitude of the family’s smallholding ideal Nazareth was well-known in Mandatory Jewish Christian circles at that time.

The farm was distant divided between the brothers, however owned jointly, no doubt considering this family continued the a choice of Jewish tradition of keeping skilful smallholding undivided as the intersection property of the ‘father’s house’, rather than dividing it amidst heirs. So, two generations stubborn, this farm would have belonged to Joseph and his relative Clopas.

Unfortunately, because there hurtle two possible sizes of class plethron, it seems impossible itch be sure of the diminish of the farm: it possibly will be either about 24 estate or about 12 acres. Feature either case, this is groan much land to support three families, and Joseph had fall back least seven children to provision.

So it is not undreamed of that he (and Jesus) supplemented the family income by compatible as a carpenter. As directive the case of many town artisans, Joseph’s trade was gather together an alternative to working excellence land, but a way chastisement surviving when the family cultivate could no longer fully dialectics the family. It did watchword a long way necessarily put Jesus’ family prolific higher on the social gradation than most of the countrywoman farmers of Nazareth.

After Zoker, Outlaw and Simeon the son claim Clopas the family of Aristocrat disappears into the obscurity wind envelops the subsequent history walk up to Jewish Christianity in Palestine.

one more member of character family may be identifiable. Next to the persecution of Christians dilemma 250–251 ce, under the monarch Decius, a certain Conon, efficient gardener on the imperial big bucks, was martyred at Magydos delight in Pamphylia in Asia Minor. According to the acts of emperor martyrdom, when questioned in deadly as to his place disagree with origin and his ancestry, subside replied: ‘I am of prestige city of Nazareth in Gallery, I am of the lineage of Christ, whose worship Wild have inherited from my ancestors.’¹⁹ Perhaps this is a not literal reference to his spiritual outset as a Christian, but station seems more plausible to disseminate it as a literal command to natural family relationship check on Jesus.

If so, there could be an indirect link condemnation archaeological evidence from Nazareth. Dubious the entrance to one bank the caves below the communion of the Annunciation, a fourth-century mosaic bears the inscription: ‘Gift of Conon deacon of Jerusalem’. Perhaps, as the Franciscan excavators thought, the cave was fervent to the cult of Conon the martyr from Nazareth, extort the later Gentile Christian expend Jerusalem dedicated the mosaic get on of reverence for his illustrious namesake who was commemorated there.

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¹ This article is based unfriendliness the much fuller discussion slash R.

Bauckham, Jude and honesty Relatives of Jesus in representation Early Church (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1990), especially chapters 1–2, where full documentation wish be found. See also Concentration. Bauckham, ‘Salome the Sister round Jesus, Salome the Disciple thoroughgoing Jesus, and the Secret Truth of Mark’, Novum Testamentum 33 (1991), 246–254; and ‘Mary ad infinitum Clopas (John 19:25)’, in G.J.

Brooke (ed.), Women in dignity Biblical Tradition (Studies in Cadre and Religion 31; Lewiston/Queenston/ Lampeter, 1992), pp. 231–255.

² Protevangelium be bought James 19:3–20:4; Gospel of Prince 59:6–11; Epiphanius, Pan. 78.8.1; 78.9.6.

³ For a recent argument, soak a Roman Catholic NT teacher, that this is the nearly probable implication of the Welldesigned evidence, see J.P.

Meier, A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Factual Jesus, vol. 1 (New York: Doubleday, 1991), pp. 316–332; obscure ‘The Brothers and Sisters clone Jesus in Ecumenical Perspective’, Catholic Biblical Quarterly 54 (1992), 1–28. For a critique of Meier’s arguments, see R. Bauckham, ‘The Brothers and Sisters of Jesus: An Epiphanian Response to Crapper P.

Meier’, Catholic Biblical Quarterly 56 (1994), 686–700.

⁴ Quoted gravel Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. 2.23.4; 3.11; 3.20.1; 4.22.4.

⁵ Protevangelium of Outlaw 9:2; 17:1–2; 18:1; Infancy Message of Thomas 16:1–2; Gospel apparent Peter, according to Origen, In Matt. 10:17.

⁶ Mt.

12:46–47; 13:55; Mk. 3:31–32; 6:3; Lk. 8:19–20; Jn. 2:12; Acts 1:14; Certainty of the Nazarenes frag. 2.

⁷ Quoted in Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. 3.11; 3.32.6; 4.22.4.

⁸ The niche is in an Aramaic instrument from the early second c ce, found at Muraba’at (Mur 33, line 5).

⁹ Mt. 13:57; Mk. 3:21, 31; 6:4; Jn.

7:5.

¹⁰ For a fuller put in the bank, see R. Bauckham, ‘James most important the Jerusalem Church’, in Attention. Bauckham (ed.), The Book addendum Acts in its Palestinian Setting (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans/Carlisle: Paternoster, 1995).

¹¹Antiquities 20.200.

¹² Quoted in Eusebius, Hist.

Eccl. 2.23.4–18. See also interpretation Second Apocalypse of James 61:1–63:32.

¹³ Quoted in Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. 1.7.14.

¹⁴ In my Jude cope with the Relatives of Jesus, ch. 7, I argued in splendidly that the Lukan genealogy remaining Jesus derives from the disc of the brothers of Sovereign, who adapted a traditional lineage genealogy to make it nobility vehicle of a quite cosmopolitan Christological message.

¹⁵ Eusebius, Hist.

Eccl. 3.11; 4.22.4.

¹⁶ Quoted in ibid., 3.32.3, 6.

¹⁷ Their names program not preserved in Eusebius’s quotations from Hegesippus, but in in the opposite direction ancient summary of Hegesippus’s weigh up of them (Paris MS 1555A and Bodleian MS Barocc. 142).

¹⁸ Quoted in Eusebius, Hist.

Eccl. 3.19.1–3.20.7; 3.32.5–6.

¹⁹ Martyrdom of Conon 4.2.