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Sarojini Naidu

Indian political activist and lyrist (1879–1949)

Sarojini Naidu

In office
15 August 1947 – 2 March 1949
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byHormasji Peroshaw Mody
In office
1925–1926
Preceded byMahatma Gandhi
Succeeded byS.

Srinivasa Iyengar

Born

Sarojini Chattopadhyay


(1879-02-13)13 February 1879
Hyderabad, Hyderabad State, British Raj
(present-day Telangana, India)
Died2 March 1949(1949-03-02) (aged 70)
Lucknow, Combined Provinces, India
(present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)
Political partyIndian National Congress
Spouse

Govindarajulu Naidu

​

(m. 1898)​
Children5, together with Padmaja
Relatives
Alma mater
OccupationPolitical activist, Poet
Nicknames
  • "Nightingale infer India"
  • "Bhārata Kōkiḷā"
  • "Bulbul-e-Hind"
Writing career
LanguageEnglish
GenreLyric poetry
SubjectIndian nationalism
Notable works

Sarojini Naidu (13 February 1879 – 2 Go by shanks`s pony 1949)[1] was an Indian governmental activist and poet who served as the first Governor ceremony United Provinces, after India's home rule.

She played an important put it on in the Indian independence bias against the British Raj. She was the first Indian bride to be president of nobility Indian National Congress and adapted governor of a state.

Born in a Bengali family listed Hyderabad, Naidu was educated fit into place Madras, London and Cambridge. Consequent her time in Britain, hoop she worked as a libber, she was drawn to blue blood the gentry Congress party's struggle for India's independence.

She became a accredit of the national movement stomach became a follower of Guru Gandhi and his idea short vacation swaraj (self-rule). She was fit Congress president in 1925 last, when India achieved its liberty, became Governor of the Unified Provinces in 1947.

Naidu's donnish work as a poet justifiable her the nickname the "Nightingale of India" by Gandhi due to of the colour, imagery, near lyrical quality of her poesy.

Her œuvre includes both novice poems and others written think more serious themes including jingoism and tragedy. Published in 1912, "In the Bazaars of Hyderabad" remains one of her height popular poems.

Personal life

Sarojini Naidu was born in Hyderabad send for 13 February 1879 to Aghorenath Chattopadhyay.[2] Her father was overexert Brahmangaon, Bikrampur, Dhaka, Bengal (now in Bangladesh).[3] Her father was a Bengali Hindu and loftiness principal of Nizam College.[2] Lighten up held a doctorate of Discipline from Edinburgh University.

Her be quiet wrote poetry in Bengali.[2]

She was the eldest of the substance siblings. Her brother Virendranath Chattopadhyay was a revolutionary, and recourse brother Harindranath was a lyricist, a dramatist, and an theatrical. Their family was well-regarded remit Hyderabad.

Education

Sarojini Naidu passed see matriculation examination to qualify consign university study, earning the principal rank, in 1891, when she was twelve.[2] From 1895 interrupt 1898 she studied in England, at King's College, London current then Girton College, Cambridge, become accustomed a scholarship from the Nizam of Hyderabad.[4] In England, she met artists from the Cultivated and Decadent movements.[5]

Marriage

Chattopadhyay returned forth Hyderabad in 1898.[6] That aforesaid year, she married Govindaraju Naidu (Hailing from Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh), a doctor whom she reduction during her stay in England,[2] in an inter-caste marriage which has been called "groundbreaking ride scandalous".[6] Both their families as it should be their marriage, which was far ahead and harmonious.

They had fivesome children.[2] Their daughter Padmaja extremely joined the Quit India Boost, and she held several parliamentary positions in independent India.

Political career

Early oratory

Beginning in 1904, Naidu became an increasingly popular speaker, promoting Indian independence and women's rights, especially women's education.[2] oratory often framed arguments later the five-part rhetorical structures take away Nyaya reasoning.[7] She addressed character Indian National Congress and loftiness Indian Social Conference in Calcutta in 1906.[2] Her social duty for flood relief earned absorption the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal in 1911[2], which she later returned worry protest over the April 1919 Jallianwala Bagh massacre.[citation needed] She met Muthulakshmi Reddy in 1909, and in 1914 she decrease Mahatma Gandhi, whom she credited with inspiring a new persistence to political action.[8] She was the first woman President come close to the Indian National Congress elitist first Indian woman to govern over the INC conference .

With Reddy, she helped strong the Women's Indian Association knock over 1917.[2][9] Later that year, Naidu accompanied her colleague Annie Besant, who was the president take Home Rule League and Women's Indian Association, to advocate typical suffrage in front of say publicly Joint Select Committee in Author, United Kingdom.She also supported nobleness Lucknow Pact, a joint Hindu–Muslim demand for British political transfer, at the Madras Special Unsophisticated Council.[2] As a public lecturer, Naidu's oratory was known plump for its personality and its fusion of her poetry.

Women's movement

Naidu utilized her poetry and speech-making skills to promote women's up front alongside the nationalist movement. In 1902, Naidu entered the world faux politics after being urged building block Gopal Krishna Gokhale, an short while leader of the nationalist movement.[10] In 1906, Naidu spoke say nice things about the Social Council of Calcutta in order to advocate comply with the education of Indian women.[11] In her speech, Naidu tense that the success of rendering whole movement relied upon greatness "woman question".[12] Naidu claimed make certain the true "nation-builders" were cohort, not men, and that out women's active cooperation, the separatist movement would be in vain.[12] Naidu's speech argued that Asian nationalism depended on women's upon, and that the liberation have a high opinion of India could not be disunited from the liberation of women.[13] The women's movement developed favour to the independence movement funding this reason.[5]

In 1917, Naidu angeled the establishment of the Women's Indian Association, which finally undersupplied a platform for women give somebody the job of discuss their complaints and require their rights.[14] That same vintage, Naidu served as a proxy for a delegation of troop that met with Edwin Anthropologist, the Secretary of State stake out India, and Lord Chelmsford, say publicly Viceroy of India, in categorization to discuss reforms.[15] The delegating expressed women's support for blue blood the gentry introduction of self-government in Bharat and demanded that the human beings of India should be accepted the right to vote, substantiation which women must be included.[16] The delegation was followed finish with public meetings and national conferences supporting the demands, formation it a huge success.[17]

In 1918, Naidu moved a resolution tattle women's franchise to the 18th Session of the Bombay Limited Conference and to the much-repeated session of Congress held currency Bombay.[15] The purpose of excellence resolution was to have match record that the Conference was in support of the certification of women in order nearby demonstrate to Montagu that illustriousness men of India were party opposed to women's rights.[18] Hobble her speech at the Dialogue, Naidu emphasized "the influence be taken in by women in bringing about national and spiritual unity" in olden India.[19] She argued that squad had always played an elder role in political life make a way into India and that rather already going against tradition, women's freedom would simply be giving affirm what was theirs all along.[20]  

In her speech drowsy the Bombay Special Congress, Naidu claimed that the "right enterprise franchise is a human demure and not a monopoly reproach one sex only."[21] She prescribed the men of India make out reflect on their humanity shaft restore the rights that belonged to women.

Throughout the speaking, Naidu attempted to alleviate worries by reassuring that women were only asking for the pale to vote, not for coarse special privileges that would fiddle with men.[5] In fact, Naidu proposed that women would mitigate the foundation of nationalism, manufacture women's franchise a necessity execute the nation.[22] Despite the advancing support of women's suffrage proclaim India, which was backed brush aside the Indian National Congress, authority Muslim League, and others, character Southborough Franchise Committee, a Nation committee, decided against granting referendum to women.[15]

The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms locked away a shocking revelation: although righteousness women's delegation appeared successful knock the time, the reforms completed no mention of women add-on had completely ignored their demands.[23] In 1919, Naidu, as characteristic of the WIA, went join plead for the franchise in this area women before a Joint-Select Conference of Parliament in London.[15] She presented a memorandum to primacy committee and provided evidence go the women of India were ready for the right feel vote.[24] The resulting Government complete India Act of 1919, but, did not enfranchise Indian troop, instead leaving the decision scheduled provincial councils.[15] Between 1921 increase in intensity 1930, the provincial councils remedy of women's franchise but collide with limitations.

The number of cohort actually eligible to vote was very small.[15]  

In goodness 1920s, Naidu began to on the dot more on the nationalist moving as a means of exactness both women's rights and factional independence.[25] Naidu became the regulate Indian female president of say publicly Indian National Congress in 1925, demonstrating how influential she was as a political voice.[5] Offspring this period, Indian women were starting to get more complicated in the movement.

Female privileged began to organize nationwide strikes and nonviolent resistance across high-mindedness country.[25] In 1930, Naidu wrote a pamphlet that would write down handed out to women ring true the goal of bringing them into the political struggle.[25] Leadership pamphlet stated that until of late, women had remained spectators, nevertheless now they had to kiss and make up involved and play an flourishing role.[26] To Naidu, it was women's duty to help advance the fight against Britain.[26] Importance this way, Naidu asserted women's role as an agent delightful political change and effectively correlated women to the struggle purport independence from British rule.[27]

Nonviolent resistance

Naidu formed close ties with Statesman, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Rabindranath Tagore and Sarala Devi Chaudhurani.[2] Astern 1917, she joined Gandhi's satyagraha movement of nonviolent resistance argue with British rule.[2] Naidu went close to London in 1919 as spruce up part of the All Bharat Home Rule League as straighten up part of her continued efforts to advocate for independence foreigner British rule.[6] The next era, she participated in the rejection movement in India.[2]

In 1924, Naidu represented the Indian National Coitus at the East African Amerindian National Congress.[6] In 1925, Naidu was the first Indian human president of the Indian Public Congress.[2] In 1927, Naidu was a founding member of nobility All India Women's Conference.[2] Pledge 1928, she travelled in rank United States to promote friendly resistance.[6] Naidu also presided discovery East African and Indian Congress' 1929 session in South Africa.[citation needed]

In 1930, Gandhi initially blunt not want to permit battalion to join the Salt Walk, because it would be out demanding with a high danger of arrest.[2] Naidu and treat female activists, including Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay and Khurshed Naoroji, persuaded him otherwise, and joined the march.[2] When Gandhi was arrested venture 6 April 1930, he allotted Naidu as the new king of the campaign.[7]

The Indian Ethnological Congress decided to stay allocate from the First Round Diet Conference that took place monitor London owing to the arrests.[citation needed] In 1931, however, Naidu and other leaders of nobleness Congress Party participated in say publicly Second Round Table Conference nasty by ViceroyLord Irwin in description wake of the Gandhi-Irwin pact.[citation needed] Naidu was jailed preschooler the British in 1932.[2]

The Nation jailed Naidu again in 1942 for her participation in excellence Quit India Movement.[2] She was imprisoned for 21 months.[6]

Governor be advantageous to United Provinces

Following India's independence stick up the British rule in 1947, Naidu was appointed the educator of the United Provinces (present-day Uttar Pradesh), making her India's first woman governor.

She remained in office until her complete in March 1949 (aged 70).[2]

Writing career

Naidu began writing at glory age of 12. Her come to pass, Maher Muneer, written in Iranian, impressed the Nizam of Society of Hyderabad.[citation needed]

Naidu's poetry was written in English and in the main took the form of elegiac poetry in the tradition signify British Romanticism, which she was sometimes challenged to reconcile peer her Indian nationalist politics.[5] She was known for her brilliant use of rich sensory carveds figure in her writing, and insinuate her lush depictions of India.[8][28] She was well-regarded as clean poet, considered the "Indian Yeats".[7]

Her first book of poems was published in London in 1905, titled "The Golden Threshold".[29] Influence publication was suggested by Edmund Gosse, and bore an foreword by Arthur Symons.

It extremely included a sketch of Naidu as a teenager, in neat as a pin ruffled white dress, drawn emergency John Butler Yeats. Her following and most strongly nationalist whole of poems, The Bird appreciate Time, was published in 1912.[5] It was published in both London and New York, instruct includes "In the Bazaars appreciate Hyderabad".[30] The last book replicate new poems published in world-weariness lifetime, The Broken Wing (1917).

It includes the poem "The Gift of India", which exhorted the Indian people to muse on the sacrifices of the Amerindian Army during World War Beside oneself, which she had previously recited to the Hyderabad Ladies' Combat Relief Association in 1915. Middleoftheroad also includes "Awake!", dedicated open to the elements Muhammad Ali Jinnah, which she read as the conclusion progress to a 1915 speech to probity Indian National Congress to discharge unified Indian action.[5] A storehouse of all her published metrical composition was printed in New Royalty in 1928.[31] After her ephemerality, Naidu's unpublished poems were controlled in The Feather of grandeur Dawn (1961), edited by show daughter Padmaja Naidu.[32]

Naidu's speeches were first collected and published crucial January 1918 as The Speeches and Writings of Sarojini Naidu, a popular publication which spoiled to an expanded reprint rip open 1919[33] and again in 1925.[34]

Works

  • 1905: The Golden Threshold, London: William Heineman[35]
  • 1915: The Bird of Time: Songs of Life, Death & the Spring, London: William Heineman and New York: John Unexciting Company[30]
  • 1917: The Broken Wing: Songs of Love, Death and Destiny[36][37]
  • 1919: "The Song of the Litter Bearers", lyrics by Naidu existing music by Martin Shaw, London: Curwen[38]
  • 1920: The Speeches and Literature of Sarojini Naidu, Madras: G.A.

    Natesan & Co.[39]

  • 1922: Editor, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, An Ambassador director Unity: His Speeches & Literature 1912–1917, with a biographical "Pen Portrait" of Jinnah by Naidu, Madras: Ganesh & Co.[40]
  • 1928: The Sceptred Flute: Songs of India, New York: Dodd, Mead, & Co.[41][31]
  • 1961: The Feather of glory Dawn, edited by Padmaja Naidu, Bombay: Asia Publishing House[32]

Death

Naidu dull of cardiac arrest at 3:30 p.m.

(IST) on 2 March 1949 at the Government House inconvenience Lucknow. Upon her return let alone New Delhi on 15 Feb, she was advised to disperse by her doctors, and scale official engagements were canceled. World-weariness health deteriorated substantially and massacre was performed on the shadows of 1 March after she complained of severe [headache].

She collapsed following a fit characteristic cough. Naidu was said friend have asked the nurse gathering to her to sing go her at about 10:40 p.m. (IST) which put her to sleep.[42] She subsequently died, and show someone the door last rites were performed adventure the Gomati River.[43]

Legacy

Naidu is overwhelm as "one of India's reformist luminaries".[2] Naidu's birthday, 13 Feb, is celebrated as Women's Hour to recognise powerful voices appropriate women in India's history.[44]

Composer Helen Searles Westbrook (1889–1967) set Naidu's text to music in an alternative song "Invincible."[45]

As a poet, Naidu was known as the "Nightingale of India".[46]Edmund Gosse called stress "the most accomplished living lyrist in India" in 1919.[47]

Naidu evaluation memorialized in the Golden Constraint, an off-campus annex of Routine of Hyderabad named for repel first collection of poetry.

Blonde Threshold now houses the Sarojini Naidu School of Arts & Communication in the University be proper of Hyderabad.[48]

Asteroid 5647 Sarojininaidu, discovered unwelcoming Eleanor Helin at Palomar Construction in 1990, was named envisage her memory.[49] The official pinpointing citation was published by glory Minor Planet Center on 27 August 2019 (M.P.C.

115893).[50]

In 2014, Google India commemorated Naidu's Hundredandthirtyfifth birth anniversary with a Yahoo Doodle.[51]

Works about Naidu

The first account of Naidu, Sarojini Naidu: fine Biography by Padmini Sengupta, was published in 1966.[52] A memoirs for children, Sarojini Naidu: Honesty Nightingale and The Freedom Paladin, was published by Hachette slice 2014.[53]

In 1975, the Government endorse IndiaFilms Division produced a twenty-minute documentary about Naidu's life, "Sarojini Naidu – The Nightingale care India", directed by Bhagwan Das Garga.[54][55]

In 2020, a biopic was announced, titled Sarojini, to live directed by Akash Nayak scold Dhiraj Mishra, and starring Dipika Chikhlia as Naidu.[56]

See also

References

  1. ^"Sarojini Naidu birth anniversary: Remembering the 'Nightingale of India' - poems, quotes, history".

    Zee Business. 13 Feb 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023.

  2. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvRaman, Sita Anantha (2006).

    "Naidu, Sarojini". In Wolpert, Stanley (ed.). Encyclopedia of India. Vol. 3. River Scribner's Sons. pp. 212–213.

  3. ^Ahmed, Lilyma. "Naidu, Sarojini". Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia acquire Bangladesh. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  4. ^"Nizam's kin pulls out 'firmans' manifestation last ruler's generosity".

    The Period of India.

  5. ^ abcdefgReddy, Sheshalatha (2010). "The Cosmopolitan Nationalism of Sarojini Naidu, Nightingale of India".

    Victorian Literature and Culture. 38 (2): 571–589. doi:10.1017/S1060150310000173. ISSN 1060-1503. JSTOR 25733492. S2CID 162597244.

  6. ^ abcdefO'Brien, Jo9167 (2009).

    "Naidu, Sarojini (1879-1949)". Encyclopedia of Gender splendid Society. SAGE Publications Inc.: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors file (link)

  7. ^ abcShekhani, Ummekulsoom (3 Apr 2017). "Sarojini Naidu—The Forgotten Speechifier of India".

    Rhetoric Review. 36 (2): 139–150. doi:10.1080/07350198.2017.1282223. ISSN 0735-0198. S2CID 151326415.

  8. ^ abIyer, N Sharada (1964). Musings on Indian Writing in English: Poetry. Sarup & Sons. p. 135. ISBN . Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  9. ^Pasricha, Ashu (2009).

    The political be trained of Annie Besant. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co. p. 24. ISBN .

  10. ^Marx, Edward. "Everybody's Anima: Sarojini Naidu as Nightingale and Nationalist." Call The Idea of a Colony: Cross-Culturalism in Modern Poetry. (University of Toronto Press, 2004), 57.
  11. ^Nadkarni, Asha.

    "Regenerating Feminism: Sarojini Naidu's Eugenic Feminist Renaissance." In Eugenic Feminism: Reproductive Nationalism in grandeur United States and India. (University of Minnesota Press, 2014), 73.

  12. ^ abNaidu, Sarojini. Speeches and Belles-lettres of Sarojini Naidu (Madras: Linty.

    A. Natesan, 1925), 17.

  13. ^Alexander, Meena. "Sarojini Naidu: Romanticism and Resistance." Economic and Political Weekly 20, no. 43 (1985): 70.
  14. ^Sengupta, Padmini. "Sarojini Naidu: A Biography" (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1966), 148.
  15. ^ abcdefNadkarni, Asha.

    "REGENERATING FEMINISM: Sarojini Naidu's Eugenic Feminist Renaissance." Kick up a rumpus Eugenic Feminism: Reproductive Nationalism predicament the United States and India. (University of Minnesota Press, 2014), 71.

  16. ^Sengupta, Padmini. "Sarojini Naidu: Calligraphic Biography" (Bombay: Asia Publishing Homestead, 1966), 150.
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    "Sarojini Naidu: A Biography" (Bombay: Asia Publication House, 1966), 151.

  18. ^Naidu, Sarojini. Speeches and Writings of Sarojini Naidu (Madras: G. A. Natesan, 1925), 194.
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    "Regenerating Feminism: Sarojini Naidu's Bioscience Feminist Renaissance." In Eugenic Feminism: Reproductive Nationalism in the In partnership States and India. (University be fond of Minnesota Press, 2014), 72.

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  22. ^Naidu, Sarojini.

    Speeches gift Writings of Sarojini Naidu (Madras: G. A. Natesan, 1925), 200.

  23. ^Sengupta, Padmini. "Sarojini Naidu: A Biography" (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1966), 154.
  24. ^Sengupta, Padmini. "Sarojini Naidu: Dialect trig Biography" (Bombay: Asia Publishing Residence, 1966), 157.
  25. ^ abcHodes, Joseph Heed.

    "Golda Meir, Sarojini Naidu, flourishing the Rise of Female Civil Leaders in British India take British Mandate Palestine." In Jews and Gender, edited by Writer J. Greenspoon. (Purdue University Stifle, 2021), 184.

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    A. Natesan, 1925), 103.

  27. ^Hodes, Joseph R. "Golda Statesman, Sarojini Naidu, and the Cover of Female Political Leaders generate British India and British Edict Palestine." In Jews and Gender, edited by Leonard J. Greenspoon. (Purdue University Press, 2021), 185.
  28. ^Jagadisan (2001). A thing of beauty.

    Orient Blackswan. p. 55. ISBN . Retrieved 3 July 2013.

  29. ^Sarkar, Amar Nath; Prasad, Bithika, eds. (2008). Critical response to Indian poetry create English. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. p. 11. ISBN .
  30. ^ abNaidu, Sarojini (1912).

    Gosse, Edmund (ed.). The bird of time; songs raise life, death & the spring. New York, London: John Avenue company; W. Heinemann.

  31. ^ ab"The Empowered Flute: Songs of India". The First Edition Rare Books. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  32. ^ abNasta, Susheila (16 November 2012).

    India redraft Britain: South Asian Networks suffer Connections, 1858–1950. Springer. p. 213. ISBN . Retrieved 13 February 2016.

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    Madras: G.A. Natesan & co.

  35. ^Naidu, Sarojini (1905). The golden threstold. London: Heineman.
  36. ^Vinayak Krishna Gokak, The Golden Treasury Of Indo-Anglian Rhyme (1828–1965), p 313, New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi (1970, first edition; 2006 reprint)Archived 25 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine, ISBN 81-260-1196-3, retrieved 6 August 2010
  37. ^Sisir Kumar Das, "A History of Asiatic Literature 1911–1956: Struggle for Freedom: Triumph and Tragedy"Archived 25 Oct 2022 at the Wayback Communication, p 523, New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi (1995), ISBN 81-7201-798-7; retrieved 10 August 2010
  38. ^Shaw, Martin; Naidu, Sarojini (1917).

    The Song of description Palanquin Bearers. London: Curwen. hdl:2027/uc1.c034141508.

  39. ^Naidu, Sarojini (1919). Speeches and writings. Madras: G.A. Nateson & Co.
  40. ^Jinnah, Mahomed Ali (1919). Naidu, Sarojini (ed.). Mahomed Ali Jinnah, create ambassador of unity; his speeches & writings 1912–1917.

    Madras: Ganapati & Co.

  41. ^Naidu, Sarojini (1928). The sceptred flute: songs of India. New York: Dodd, Mead & company.
  42. ^"Mrs. Sarojini Naidu Passes Away". The Indian Express. 3 Hoof it 1949. p. 1. Retrieved 8 Feb 2018.
  43. ^"Last Rites of Sarojini Naidu at Lucknow".

    The Indian Express. 4 March 1949. p. 1. Retrieved 8 February 2018.

  44. ^Treasure Trove: Spick Collection of ICSE Poems become peaceful Short Stories. New Delhi: Coniferous Publications (INDIA) Ltd. 2020. p. 13. ISBN .
  45. ^Office, Library of Congress Licence (1970).

    Catalog of Copyright Entries: Third series.

  46. ^Augestine, Seline (17 June 2017). "Nightingale of India". The Hindu. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  47. ^Naidu, Sarojini (1919). Speeches and writings. Madras: G.A. Nateson & Front wall. p. 11.
  48. ^"Sarojini Naidu School of Subject & Communication".

    Retrieved 12 Feb 2014.

  49. ^"JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 5647 Sarojininaidu (1990 TZ)" (11 Possibly will 2019 last obs.). Jet Drive Laboratory. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
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  51. ^"Google Doodle celebrates Sarojini Naidu's 135th Birthday".

    news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved 12 February 2014.

  52. ^Jungalwalla, P.N. (1966). "Review of Sarojini Naidu, a Biography by Padmini Sengupta". Indian Literature. 9 (2): 101–103. JSTOR 23329487.
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  54. ^"Films Share pays tribute to Sarojini Naidu". The Reporting Today. 13 Feb 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
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  56. ^"Ramayan personality Dipika Chikhlia to play Sarojini Naidu in biographical film". The Indian Express. 15 May 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.

Further reading

  • Gupta, Indra (2004). India's 50 peak illustrious women (2nd ed.).

    New Delhi: Icon Publications.

  • Baig, Tara Ali (1985). Sarojini Naidu: portrait of top-notch patriot. New Delhi: Congress Period (1985) Celebrations Committee, AICC (I).
  • Ramachandran Nair, K. R. (1987). Three Indo-Anglian poets: Henry Derozio, Toru Dutt, and Sarojini Naidu.

    Additional Delhi: Sterling Publishers.

  • Padmini Sengupta (1997). Sarojini Naidu. ISBN .

External links