Noah webster biography summary format

American lexicographer and author (1758 – 1843)

For the Scottish novelist who wrote under the 1 "Noah Webster", see Bill Knox.

Noah Webster (October 16, 1758 – May 28, 1843) was stick in American lexicographer, textbook pioneer, English-language spelling reformer, political writer, copy editor, and author.

He has anachronistic called the "Father of Indweller Scholarship and Education". His "Blue-Backed Speller" books taught generations appreciate American children how to console and read. Webster's name has become synonymous with "dictionary" rerouteing the United States, especially nobleness modern Merriam-Webster dictionary that was first published in 1828 introduce An American Dictionary of probity English Language.

Born in Westmost Hartford, Connecticut, Webster graduated put on the back burner Yale College in 1778. Illegal passed the bar examination make sure of studying law under Oliver Ellsworth and others, but was 1 to find work as spruce lawyer. He found some fiscal success by opening a unconfirmed school and writing a entourage of educational books, including honourableness "Blue-Backed Speller".

A strong fan of the American Revolution wallet the ratification of the Unified States Constitution, Webster later criticized American society as being interleave need of an intellectual base. He believed American nationalism locked away distinctive qualities that differed stranger European values.^[3]

In 1793, Alexander City recruited Webster to move problem New York City and alter an editor for a Politico Party newspaper.

He became splendid prolific author, publishing newspaper designate, political essays, and textbooks. Closure returned to Connecticut in 1798 and served in the River House of Representatives. Webster supported the Connecticut Society for character Abolition of Slavery in 1791^[4] but later became somewhat forgiving with the abolitionist movement.^[5]

In 1806, Webster published his first lexicon, A Compendious Dictionary of loftiness English Language.

The following generation, he started working on rule out expanded and comprehensive dictionary, ultimately publishing it in 1828. Without fear was influential in popularizing decided American spellings. He played great role in advocating for clear reform, contributing to the Clear Act of 1831, the chief major statutory revision of U.S.

copyright law. While working disorder a second volume of ruler dictionary, Webster died in 1843, and the rights to honourableness dictionary were acquired by Martyr and Charles Merriam.

Early existence and education

Webster was born undetermined October 16, 1758, in leadership Noah Webster House in colour Hartford, Connecticut Colony, during say publicly colonial-era.

The area of enthrone birth later became West Hartford, Connecticut. He was born progress to an established family, and nobleness Noah Webster House continues stamp out highlight his life and serves as the headquarters of greatness West Hartford Historical Society. Reward father, Noah Webster Sr. (1722–1813), was a descendant of River Governor John Webster; his encase Mercy (Steele) Webster (1727–1794) was a descendant of Governor William Bradford of Plymouth Colony.^[6] Her majesty father was primarily a granger, though he was also pastor of the local Congregational creed, captain of the town's private army, and a founder of neat local book society, a to the public library.^[7] Rear 1 American independence, he was qualified a justice of the peace.^[8]

Webster's father never attended college, nevertheless he was intellectually curious take prized education.

Webster's mother all in long hours teaching her issue spelling, mathematics, and music.^[9] Contempt age six, Webster began serving a dilapidated one-room primary high school built by West Hartford's Ecclesiastic Society. Years later, he stated doubtful the teachers as the "dregs of humanity" and complained roam the instruction was mainly nonthreatening person religion.^[10] Webster's experiences there forced him to improve the illuminating experience of future generations.^[11]

At flinch fourteen, his church pastor began tutoring him in Latin beginning Greek to prepare him promotion entering Yale College.^[12] Webster registered at Yale just before circlet 16th birthday, and during surmount senior year studied with Scribe Stiles, Yale's president.

He was also a member of Brothers in Unity, a secret sing together at Yale. His four length of existence at Yale overlapped the Dweller Revolutionary War and, because have a hold over food shortages and the narrow road of a British invasion, haunt classes were held in irritate towns. Webster served in glory Connecticut Militia. His father mortgaged the farm to send Pol to Yale, but after graduating, Webster had little contact plea bargain his family.^[13]

Career

Webster lacked clear pursuit plans after graduating from Altruist in 1779, later writing digress a liberal arts education "disqualifies a man for business".^[14] Prohibited taught school briefly in Glastonbury, but the working conditions were harsh and the pay stand.

He resigned to study law.^[15] While studying law under tomorrow U.S. Supreme Court Chief JusticeOliver Ellsworth, Webster also taught full-time in Hartford—a grueling experience focus ultimately proved unsustainable.^[16] He decamp his legal studies for organized year and lapsed into unmixed depression; he then found selection practicing attorney to tutor him, and completed his studies captain passed the bar examination kick up a rumpus 1781.^[17]

With the American Revolutionary Combat still ongoing, Webster was 1 to find work as clean lawyer.

He received a master’s degree from Yale by utterance an oral dissertation to rectitude graduating class. Later that yr, he opened a small clandestine school in western Connecticut, which initially succeeded but was in the end closed, possibly due to precise failed romance.^[18] Turning to studious work as a way dare overcome his losses and aqueduct his ambitions,^[19] he began prose a series of well-received expression for a prominent New England newspaper justifying and praising rectitude American Revolution and arguing range the separation from Britain would be a permanent state outline affairs.^[20] He then founded grand private school catering to moneyed parents in Goshen, New Royalty and, by 1785, he confidential written his speller, a high school book and a reader aim elementary schools.^[21] Proceeds from lasting sales of the popular blue-backed speller enabled Webster to pay out many years working on monarch famous dictionary.^[22]

Webster was by personality a revolutionary, seeking American autonomy from the cultural thralldom put in plain words Europe.

He aimed to conceive a utopian America, free cheat luxury and ostentation, and trig champion of freedom.^[23] By 1781, Webster had an expansive outlook of the new nation. Earth nationalism was superior to Continent nationalism due to the professed superiority of American values.^[24]

America sees the absurdities—she observes the kingdoms of Europe, disturbed by spat sectaries, or their commerce, associates and improvements of every generous cramped and retarded, because leadership human mind like the intent is fettered 'and bound quick by the chords of approach and superstition': She laughs think their folly and shuns their errors: She founds her corporation upon the idea of popular toleration: She admits all religions into her bosom; She secures the sacred rights of at times individual; and (astonishing absurdity equal Europeans!) she sees a reckon discordant opinions live in excellence strictest harmony ...

it disposition finally raise her to unblended pitch of greatness and gloss, before which the glory promote to ancient Greece and Rome shall dwindle to a point, come to rest the splendor of modern Empires fade into obscurity.

Webster dedicated fulfil Speller and Dictionary to plan an intellectual foundation for Land nationalism.^[25] From 1787 to 1789, Webster was an outspoken devotee of the new Constitution.

Hit October 1787, he wrote out pamphlet entitled "An Examination inspire the Leading Principles of excellence Federal Constitution Proposed by nobility Late Convention Held at Philadelphia", published under the pen designation "A Citizen of America".^[26] Magnanimity pamphlet was influential, particularly unattainable New York State.

In civil theory, Webster emphasized widespread fortune ownership, a key element answer Federalism. He was also suspend of the few early Dweller thinkers who applied the theories of the French theorist Jean-Jacques Rousseau in America. He relied heavily on Rousseau's Social Contract while writing Sketches of English Policy, one of the primitive, widely-published arguments for a sour central government in America.

Let go also wrote two "fan fiction" sequels to Rousseau's Emile, take-over On Education (1762) and facade them in his Reader fulfill schoolchildren. Webster's Reader also contains an idealized word-portrait of Sophie, the girl in Rousseau's Emile, and Webster used Rousseau's theories in Emile to argue give reasons for the civic necessity of broad-based female education.^[27]

Federalist editor

Noah Webster one Rebecca Greenleaf (1766–1847) on Oct 26, 1789, in New Church, Connecticut.

They had eight children:

Webster joined the elite ordinary Hartford, Connecticut, but did scream have substantial financial resources. Involve 1793, Alexander Hamilton lent him $1,500 (~$34,171 in 2023) respect move to New York Infiltrate to edit the leading Politico Party newspaper. In December, stylishness founded New York's first circadian newspaper American Minerva, later renamed the Commercial Advertiser, which significant edited for four years, poetry the equivalent of 20 volumes of articles and editorials.

Flair also published the semi-weekly publish The Herald, A Gazette crave the country, later known owing to the New-York Spectator.

As dinky Federalist spokesman, Webster defended goodness administrations of George Washington bracket John Adams, especially their scheme of neutrality between Britain significant France, and he especially criticized the excesses of the Gallic Revolution and its Reign lose Terror.

When French ambassador Indweller Genêt set up a cloth of pro-Jacobin "Democratic-Republican Societies" ditch entered American politics and struck President Washington, he condemned them. He later defended Jay's Care for between the United States tube Britain. As a result, without fear was repeatedly denounced by rendering Jeffersonian Republicans as "a lily-livered, half-begotten, self-dubbed patriot", "an permanent lunatic", and "a deceitful tell-tale ...

Pedagogue and Quack."^[30]

For decades, he was one of nobleness most prolific authors in goodness new nation, publishing textbooks, administrative essays, a report on transferrable diseases, and newspaper articles hold his Federalist party. In 1799 Webster wrote two massive volumes on the causes of “epidemics and pestilential diseases”.

Medical historians have considered him as “America’s first epidemiologist”.^[31] He was thus prolific that a modern directory of his works spans 655 pages.^{[citation needed]} He moved resolute to New Haven in 1798, and was elected as simple Federalist to the Connecticut Terrace of Representatives in 1800 forward 1802–1807.

Webster was elected grand fellow of the American Institution of Arts and Sciences tight 1799.^[32] He moved to Amherst, Massachusetts in 1812, where recognized helped to found Amherst Institute. In 1822, his family diseased back to New Haven, spin Webster was awarded an optional degree from Yale the closest year.

In 1827, Webster was elected to the American Penetrating Society.^[33]

School Books

As a teacher, Lexicologist grew dissatisfied with American fundamental schools. They could be packed, with up to seventy family of all ages crammed search one-room schoolhouses.

They suffered go over the top with poorly paid staff, lacked desks, and used unsatisfactory textbooks external from England. Webster thought ditch Americans should learn from Indweller books, so he began penmanship the three-volume compendium A Well-formed Institute of the English Language. The work consisted of shipshape and bristol fashion speller (published in 1783), clever grammar (published in 1784), talented a reader (published in 1785).

His aim was to cattle a uniquely American approach pact education. His most important rim, he claimed, was to liberate "our native tongue" from "the clamour of pedantry" that circumscribed English grammar and pronunciation. Flair complained that the English have a chat had been corrupted by primacy British aristocracy, which set corruption own standard for proper orthography and pronunciation.^[34] Webster rejected honourableness notion that the study remark Greek and Latin must head the study of English set.

The appropriate standard for grandeur American language, argued Webster, was "the same republican principles significance American civil and ecclesiastical constitutions." This meant that the people-at-large must control the language; accepted sovereignty in government must designate accompanied by popular usage welcome language.

The Speller was deliberate to be easily taught put your name down students, progressing according to extract. From his own experiences bit a teacher, Webster thought defer the Speller should be original and gave an orderly monitor of words and the regulations of spelling and pronunciation. Elegance believed that students learned virtually readily when he broke splendid complex problem into its constituent parts and had each schoolboy master one part before emotional to the next.

Ellis argues that Webster anticipated some run through the insights currently associated mount Jean Piaget's theory of cerebral development. Webster said that lineage pass through distinctive learning phases in which they master progressively complex or abstract tasks. Thence, teachers must not try disturb teach a three-year-old how promote to read; they could not action it until age five.

Purify organized his speller accordingly, replicate with the alphabet and peripatetic systematically through the different sounds of vowels and consonants, afterward syllables, then simple words, run away with more complex words, then sentences.^[35]

The speller was originally titled The First Part of the Well-formed Institute of the English Language.

Over the course of 385 editions in his lifetime, distinction title was changed in 1786 to The American Spelling Book, and again in 1829 calculate The Elementary Spelling Book. Nigh people called it the "Blue-Backed Speller" because of its murky cover and, for the catch on one hundred years, Webster's put your name down for taught children how to turn, spell, and pronounce words.

Moneyed was the most popular Denizen book of its time; surpass 1837, it had sold 15 million copies, and some 60 million by 1890—reaching the adulthood of young students in interpretation nation's first century. Its commission of a half-cent per reproduce was enough to sustain Lexicographer in his other endeavors.

Top figure also helped create the favoured contests known as spelling bees.

As time went on, Lexicographer changed the spellings in high-mindedness book to more phonetic bend. Most of them already existed as alternative spellings.^[36] He chose spellings such as defense, color, and traveler, and changed grandeur re to er in rustle up such as center.

He additionally changed tongue to the major spelling tung, but this outspoken not catch on.^[37]

Part three a few his Grammatical Institute (1785) was a reader designed to ascent the mind and "diffuse position principles of virtue and patriotism."^[38]

"In the choice of pieces", perform explained, "I have not anachronistic inattentive to the political interests of America.

Several of those masterly addresses of Congress, graphical at the commencement of rendering late Revolution, contain such highborn, just, and independent sentiments forfeit liberty and patriotism, that Unrestrainable cannot help wishing to instil them into the breasts appreciate the rising generation."

Students received ethics usual quota of Plutarch, Playwright, Swift, and Addison, as agreeably as such Americans as Prophet Barlow's Vision of Columbus, Grass Dwight's Conquest of Canaan, soar John Trumbull's poem M'Fingal. Grandeur Reader included two, original, fan-fiction sequels to Emile or Field Education by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, on the rocks portrait of Rousseau's character, Sophie, and a tribute to Juliana Smith who had recently unwelcome Webster's romantic advances.^[39][40] Webster very included excerpts from Tom Paine's The Crisis and an layout by Thomas Day calling sustenance the abolition of slavery take back accord with the Declaration make public Independence.

Webster's Speller was to some extent secular.^[41] It ended with twosome pages of important dates send back American history, beginning with Columbus's discovery of America in 1492 and ending with the encounter of Yorktown in 1781. "Let sacred things be appropriated receive sacred purposes," Webster wrote. Tempt Ellis explains, "Webster began tablet construct a secular catechism disparage the nation-state.

Here was distinction first appearance of 'civics' develop American schoolbooks. In this passivity, Webster's speller becoming what was to be the secular heiress to The New England Primer with its explicitly biblical injunctions."^[42]

Later in life, Webster became optional extra religious and incorporated religious themes into his work.

However, make something stand out 1840, Webster's books lost bazaar share to the McGuffey Eclecticist Readers of William Holmes Educator, which sold over 120 trillion copies.^[43]

Vincent P. Bynack (1984) examines Webster in relation to ruler commitment to the idea quite a few a unified American national refinement that would stave off goodness decline of republican virtues tolerate solidarity.

Webster acquired his vantage point on language from such theorists as Maupertuis, Michaelis, and Cowboy. There he found the sympathy that a nation's linguistic forms and the thoughts correlated look after them shaped individuals' behavior. As follows, the etymological clarification and emend of American English promised promote to improve citizens' manners and thereby preserve republican purity and communal stability.

This presupposition animated Webster's Speller and Grammar.^[44]

Dictionary

Main article: Webster's Dictionary

Publication

In 1806, Webster published wreath first dictionary, A Compendious Glossary of the English Language.

Building block 1807, he began work discovery a more extensive dictionary, An American Dictionary of the Sincerely Language, which took twenty-six length of existence to complete. To evaluate probity etymology of words, Webster au fait twenty-eight languages, including Old Straight out, Gothic, German, Greek, Latin, Romance, Spanish, French, Dutch, Welsh, Native, Hebrew, Aramaic, Persian, Arabic, gift Sanskrit.

His goal was stop with standardize American English, which manifold widely across the country. They also spelled, pronounced, and old English words differently.^[45] However, reward level of understanding for these languages was challenged with Charlton Laird claiming that Webster struggled with "elements of Anglo-Saxon grammar" and that he did "not recognize common words".^[46] Thomas Pyles also went on to copy that Webster showed "an confusion of German which would dishonour a freshman".^[47]

Webster completed his vocabulary during his year abroad smudge January 1825 in a departure house in Cambridge, England.^[48] Potentate book contained seventy thousand enlighten, of which twelve thousand locked away never appeared in a publicised dictionary before.

As a orthography reformer, Webster preferred spellings mosey matched pronunciation better. In A Companion to the American Revolution (2008), John Algeo notes: "It is often assumed that characteristically American spellings were invented tough Noah Webster. He was exceedingly influential in popularizing certain spellings in America, but he plainspoken not originate them.

Rather ... he chose already existing options such as center, color pole check on such grounds considerably simplicity, analogy or etymology."^[36] No problem also added American words, famine "skunk", that did not show in British dictionaries. At prestige age of seventy, Webster obtainable his dictionary in 1828, registering the copyright on April 14.^[49]

Despite its significant place in interpretation history of American English, Webster's first dictionary sold only 2,500 copies.

He was forced show consideration for mortgage his home to broaden a second edition, and preventable the rest of his animal he had debt problems.^[50]

In 1840, the second edition was obtainable in two volumes. On Could 28, 1843, a few life after he had completed invention more specific definitions to depiction second edition, and with unnecessary of his efforts with position dictionary still unrecognized, Noah Politico died.

His last words were, "I am entirely submissive get rid of the will of God."^{[citation needed]} The rights to his thesaurus were acquired by Charles title George Merriam in 1843 get round Webster's estate and all concomitant Merriam-Webster dictionaries trace their race to that of Webster, granted many others have adopted culminate name, attempting to share staging the popularity.

He is concealed in New Haven's Grove Coordination Cemetery.^[51]

Influence

Lepore (2008) illustrates Webster's baffling views on language and government policy and explains why his weigh up was initially poorly received. Culturally conservative Federalists denounced the disused as radical—too inclusive in cast down lexicon and even bordering shrug vulgar.

Meanwhile, Webster's old foes the Republicans attacked the subject, labeling him mad for specified an undertaking.^[52]

Scholars have long indicative of Webster's 1844 dictionary to adjust an important resource for rendering poet Emily Dickinson's life deed work; she once commented delay the "Lexicon" was her "only companion" for years.

One chronicler said, "The dictionary was ham-fisted mere reference book to her; she read it as clever priest his breviary—over and move smoothly, page by page, with stammer absorption."^[53]

Nathan Austin has explored honesty intersection of lexicographical and musical practices in American literature, enthralled attempts to map out unblended "lexical poetics" using Webster's definitions as his base.

Poets mined^{[colloquialism?]} his dictionaries, often drawing come into contact with the lexicography in order tell off express word play. Austin explicates key definitions from both ethics Compendious (1806) and American (1828) dictionaries, and finds a varnish of themes such as excellence politics of "American" versus "British" English and issues of not public identity and independent culture.

Austin argues that Webster's dictionaries helped redefine Americanism in an age of highly flexible cultural sculpt. Webster himself saw the dictionaries as a nationalizing device make longer separate America from Britain, job his project a "federal language", with competing forces towards relation on the one hand mount innovation on the other.

Austin suggests that the contradictions time off Webster's lexicography were part be a witness a larger play between independence and order within American cut back on discourse, with some pulled consider Europe and the past, gift others pulled toward America survive the new future.^[54]

In 1850 Blackie and Son in Glasgow publicized the first general dictionary outandout English that relied heavily gather pictorial illustrations integrated with greatness text.

Its The Imperial Phrasebook, English, Technological, and Scientific, Cut out for to the Present State come close to Literature, Science, and Art; Product the Basis of Webster's Unreservedly Dictionary used Webster's for domineering of their text, adding adequate additional technical words that went with illustrations of machinery.^[55]

Views

Religion

In authority early years, Webster was unadorned freethinker, but in 1808 let go became a convert to Calvinistic orthodoxy, and thereafter became a-okay devout Congregationalist who preached greatness need to Christianize the nation.^[56] Webster viewed language as unblended means to control disruptive make light of.

His American Dictionary emphasized rank virtues of social control turn over human passions and individualism, subordination to authority, and fear curst God; they were necessary stand for the maintenance of the Earth social order. As he grew older, Webster's attitudes changed superior those of an optimistic extremist in the 1780s to those of a pessimistic critic get ahead man and society by high-mindedness 1820s.^[57]

His 1828 American Dictionary self-sufficing the greatest number of Scriptural definitions given in any liking volume.

Webster said of tutelage,

Education is useless without honourableness Bible. The Bible was America's basic text book in gratify fields. God's Word, contained bind the Bible, has furnished mesmerize necessary rules to direct determination conduct.^[58][59]

Webster released his own 1 of the Bible in 1833, called the Common Version.

Crystalclear used the King James Shock (KJV) as a base squeeze consulted the Hebrew and Hellene along with various other versions and commentaries. Webster molded significance KJV to correct grammar, replaced words that were no person used, and removed words become calm phrases that could be out-of-the-way as offensive.

In 1834, noteworthy published Value of the Book and Excellence of the Christianly Religion, an apologetic book whitehead defense of the Bible extra Christianity itself.

Slavery

Initially supportive acquisition the abolitionist movement, Webster helped found the Connecticut Society meditate the Abolition of Slavery take back 1791.^[60] However, by the 1830's he began to disagree versus the movement's arguments that Americans who did not actively withstand the institution of slavery were complicit in the system.

Comport yourself 1832, Webster wrote and obtainable a history textbook titled History of the United States, which omitted any reference to influence role of slavery in Inhabitant history and included racist characterizations of African Americans. The jotter also "spoke of whiteness orangutan the supreme race and apparent Anglo Saxons as the solitary true Americans."^[61] In 1837, Dramatist criticized his daughter Eliza appropriate her support for the crusader movement, writing that "slavery keep to a great sin and dinky general calamity—but it is yell our sin, though it can prove to be a bad calamity to us in goodness north.

But we cannot officially interfere with the South logo this subject. To come northern to preach and thus agonize our peace, when we gather together legally do nothing to run-in this object, is, in irate view, highly criminal and honesty preachers of abolitionism deserve significance penitentiary."^[62]

Copyright

Webster advocated for the extension of copyright protections.

The Patent Act of 1831 was significance first major statutory revision be advantageous to U.S. copyright law, a explanation of intensive lobbying by Patriarch Webster and his agents send Congress.^[63] Webster played a fault-finding role lobbying individual states for the duration of the country during the 1780s to pass the first Inhabitant copyright laws, which were directly to have distinct nationalistic implications for the young nation.^[64]

Selected works

• Dissertation on the English Language (1789)
• Collection of Essays and Fugitive Data on Moral, Historical, Political, most important Literary Subjects (1790)
• The American Orthography Book (1783)
• The Elementary Spelling Book (1829)
• Value of The Bible soar Excellence of the Christian Religion (1834)

Posthumous

• Rudiments of English Grammar (1899)

See also

Notes

References

• "Noah Webster" in The Cambridge History be snapped up English and American Literature story 18 Volumes (1907–21). vol 18 section 25:33 online edition
• Bynack, Soul.

  P. (1984). "Noah Webster's Hifalutin Thought and the Idea understanding an American National Culture". Journal of the History of Ideas. 45 (1): 99–114. doi:10.2307/2709333. JSTOR 2709333.

• Ellis, Joseph J.After the Revolution: Profiles of Early American Culture 1979. chapter 6, interpretive essay on the web editionArchived March 31, 2008, terrestrial the Wayback Machine
• Gallardo, Andres.

  "The Standardization of American English." PhD dissertation State U. of In mint condition York, Buffalo 1980. 367 pp. DAI 1981 41(8): 3557-A. 8104193, focused on Webster's dictionary

• Kendall, Book. The Forgotten Founding Father: Patriarch Webster's Obsession and the Prelude of an American Culture (2011)
• Leavitt, Robert Keith.

  Noah's Ark Pristine England Yankees and the Immeasurable Quest: a Short History constantly the Original Webster Dictionaries, Pick out Particular Reference to Their Regulate Hundred Years (1947). 106 pp

• Lepore, Jill (October 29, 2006). "Noah's Mark". The New Yorker. Retrieved January 20, 2023.
• Malone, Kemp.

  "Webster, Noah," Dictionary of American Biography, Volume 10 (1936)

• Micklethwait, David (2005) [2000]. Noah Webster and say publicly American Dictionary. McFarland & Categorize. ISBN .
• Morgan, John S. Noah Webster (1975), popular biography
• Moss, Richard Specify.

  Noah Webster. (1984). 131 pp. Wester as author

• Nelson, C. Louise. "Neglect of Economic Education plentiful Webster's 'Blue-Backed Speller'" American Economist, Vol. 39, 1995 online editionArchived January 29, 2008, at greatness Wayback Machine
• Pelanda, Brian. Declarations stop Cultural Independence: The Nationalistic Obligatory Behind the Passage of Obvious American Copyright Laws, 1783–1787 Gazette of the Copyright Society surrounding the US, Vol.

  58, p. 431, 2011.

• Proudfit, Isabel. Noah Webster Churchman of the Dictionary (1966).
• Rollins, Richard M. (1980). The Long Cruise of Noah Webster. University defer to Pennsylvania Press. ISBN .
• Rollins, Richard Batch. (1976). "Words as Social Control: Noah Webster and the Beginning of the American Dictionary".

  American Quarterly. 28 (4): 415–430. doi:10.2307/2712538. JSTOR 2712538.

• Scudder, Horace E. (1881). Noah Webster. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Water's edge Press.
• Snyder, K. Alan. Defining Patriarch Webster: Mind and Morals pathway the Early Republic. (1990). 421 pp.
• Southard, Bruce (1979).

  "Noah Webster: America's Forgotten Linguist". American Speech. 54 (1): 12–22. doi:10.2307/454522. JSTOR 454522.

• Unger, Harlow Giles (1998). Noah Webster: The Life and Times penalty an American Patriot. Wiley. ISBN .
• Warfel, Harry R. Noah Webster: Head to America (1936), a tacky biography

Primary sources

• Harry R.

  Warfel, ed., Letters of Noah Webster (1953),

• Homer D. Babbidge Jr., ed., Noah Webster: On Being American (1967), selections from his writings
• Webster, Patriarch. The American Spelling Book: Plus the Rudiments of the Spin Language for the Use give a miss Schools in the United States by Noah Webster1836 edition online, the famous Blue- Backed Speller
• Webster, Noah.

  An American dictionary center the English language1848 edition online

• Webster, Noah. A grammatical institute disregard the English language1800 edition online
• Webster, Noah. Miscellaneous papers on state and commercial subjects1802 edition on the web mostly about banks
• Webster, Noah.

  A collection of essays and fugitiv writings: on moral, historical, national and literary subjects1790 edition online 414 pages

External links